Family Planning Essay

Introduction Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling] and management, and infertility management. Family planning is choosing the number of children in a family and the length of time between their births. When you start searching for options in family planning, it’s important to understand all of your choices and which might be best for you. When you’d like to postpone a pregnancy, artificial and natural methods of family planning can help you do so. Also, if you’re ready to plan a pregnancy, it’s important that you have the knowledge to maximize your chances for conception. Family planning is the voluntary planning and action taken by individuals to prevent, delay or achieve a pregnancy. Family planning services include counseling and education, preconception care, screening and laboratory tests, and family planning methods. Family planning methods include abstinence, natural family planning and all FDA approved methods of contraception including hormonal contraception and contraceptive supplies such as condoms, diaphragms and intrauterine devices. It is a fundamental aspect of enhancing the health outcomes of women and children. There are many family planning options ranging from contraception and birth control to abstinence and other natural methods to the latest medical technology breakthroughs. Rationale Family planning is method of rationally deciding the size of your family. Using family-planning methods can help decide how large your family should be as well as how long to wait in between children and how to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Proper, non-coercive, science-based family planning can help you create a family that meets your needs and wants. Access to effective methods of birth control is an important component of family-planning services. A healthy relationship between two partners generally includes periodic sex. Having sex may result in pregnancy. Helpful family planning should allow you access to safe and efficient methods of birth control. An ideal form of birth control should be easy to use, have minimal side effects, reduce transmission of disease and be easily reversible. Family-planning workers may distribute condoms, fit a woman for an IUD or give her birth-control pills. Family planning can help you limit the size of your family. Families with more children may struggle financially and emotionally. Parents may not be able to provide each child with adequate resources such as access to educational opportunities. A family-planning worker can help you decide how large you would like your family and help you find methods to achieve that goal. Read more: Rationale of Family Planning | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5403126_rationale-family-planning.html#ixzz2KRvrvU4l Read more: Rationale of Family Planning | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5403126_rationale-family-planning.html#ixzz2KRvkT2X4 Objectives Goals in family planning should include balancing the desire for children with emotional, physical and financial needs. Or, if you do not wish to have children, it’s important to recognize this and plan accordingly. Significance of the Study This study will show clearly the effects of Family Planning on the people of our Brgy Basing Binmaley and Brgy. Patayac Sta. Barbara. The importance of this Study is to provide information to government and educate the people on the need to control birthrate, and will also assist husbands and wives to enjoy sex without unwanted Pregnancies, to help to space their children well and conveniently too; to limit the size of individual family to suit economic state. It also helps to reduce the possibility of health dangers through frequent birth and benefits to teenagers to prevent unwanted pregnancies instead of preventing child births through abortion and also on their choice of methods of contraceptives which will be effective for their age group. Scope and Limitations This present study is focused on â€Å"Effect of Family Planning† This study on â€Å"Effect of Family Planning â€Å" will used 10 respondents compressing of selected Family in our Barangay in Basing Binmaley and Barangay Patayac Sta. Barbara Pangasinan, where the researchers are living. The research subjects will answer the prepared questionnaires. II. Methodology / Research Method There are many options for family planning out there, and it is confusing to sort through all of them. Each one has different effectiveness ratings, but some are more comfortable (for some people) than others. Reading through a simple breakdown of all of the family planning methods available will help you weed out the ones you are not interested in, so you can go about researching just the ones that are of interest to you. Read more: Different Family Planning Methods | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_4866824_different-family-planning-methods.html#ixzz2KS3dngqt

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay Example for Free

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay ? I have been searching for many years for the Holy Grail of interactive learning, a distinction between collaborative and cooperative learning definitions. I am getting closer to my elusive goal all the time but I am still not completely satisfied with my perception of the two concepts. I believe my confusion arises when I look at processes associated with each concept and see some overlap or inter-concept usage. I will make a humble attempt to clarify this question by presenting my definitions and reviewing those of other authors who have helped clarify my thinking. Collaboration is a philosophy of interaction and personal lifestyle whereas cooperation is a structure of interaction designed to facilitate the accomplishment of an end product or goal. Collaborative learning (CL) is a personal philosophy, not just a classroom technique. In all situations where people come together in groups, it suggests a way of dealing with people which respects and highlights individual group members’ abilities and contributions. There is a sharing of authority and acceptance of responsibility among group members for the groups actions. The underlying premise of collaborative learning is based upon consensus building through cooperation by group members, in contrast to competition in which individuals best other group members. CL practitioners apply this philosophy in the classroom, at committee meetings, with community groups, within their families and generally as a way of living with and dealing with other people. Cooperative learning is defined by a set of processes which help people interact together in order to accomplish a specific goal or develop an end product which is usually content specific. It is more directive than a collaboratve system of governance and closely controlled by the teacher. While there are many mechanisms for group analysis and introspection the fundamental approach is teacher centered whereas collaborative learning is more student centered. Spencer Kagan in an article in Educational Leadership (Dec/Jan 1989/1990) provides an excellent definition of cooperative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. His definition provides an unbrella for the work cooperative learning specialists including he Johnsons, Slavin, Cooper, Graves and Graves, Millis, etc. It follows below: â€Å"The structural approach to cooperative learning is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures, or content-free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. Structures usually involve a series of steps, with proscribed behavior at each step. An important cornerstone of the approach is the distinction bet ween â€Å"structures† and â€Å"activities†. â€Å"To illustrate, teachers can design many excellent cooperative activities, such as making a team mural or a quilt. Such activities almost always have a specific content-bound objective and thus cannot be used to deliver a range of academic content. Structures may be used repeatedly with almost any subject matter, at a wide range of grade levels and at various points in a lesson plan. † John Myers (Cooperative Learning vol 11 #4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of â€Å"collaboration†, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together; the root word for â€Å"cooperation† stresses the product of such work. Co-operative learning has largely American roots from the philosophical writings of John Dewey stressing the social nature of learning and the work on group dynamics by Kurt Lewin. Collaborative learning has British roots, based on the work of English teachers exploring ways to help students respond to literature by taking a more active role in their own learning. The cooperative learning tradition tends to use quantitative methods which look at achievement: i. e. , the product of learning. The collaborative tradition takes a more qualitative approach, analyzing student talk in response to a piece of literature or a primary source in history. Myers points out some differences between the two concepts: â€Å"Supporters of co-operative learning tend to be more teacher-centered, for example when forming heterogeneous groups, structuring positive inter- dependence, and teaching co-operative skills. Collaborative learning advocates distrust structure and allow students more say if forming friendhip and interest groups. Student talk is stressed as a means for working things out. Discovery and contextural approaches are used to teach interpersonal skills. † â€Å"Such differences can lead to disagreements†¦. I contend the dispute is not about research, but more about the morality of what should happen in the schools. Beliefs as to whast should happen in the schools can be viewed as a continuum of orientations toward curriculum from â€Å"transmission† to â€Å"transaction† to â€Å"transmission†. At one end is the transmission position. As the name suggests, the aim of this orientation is to transmit knowledge to students in the form of facts, skills and values. The transformation position at the other end of the continuum stresses personal and social change in which the person is said to be interrelated with the environment rather than having control over it. The aim of this orientation is self-actualization, personal or organizational change. † Rocky Rockwood (National Teaching and Learning Forum vol 4 #6, 1995 part 1) describes the differences by acknowledging the parallels they both have in that they both use groups, both assign specific tasks, and both have the groups share and compare their procedures and conclusions in plenary class sessions. The major difference lies in the fact that cooperative deals exclusively with traditional (canonical) knowledge while collaborative ties into the social constructivist movement, asserting that both knowledge and authority of knowledge have changed dramatically in the last century. â€Å"The result has been a transition from â€Å"foundational (cognitive) understanding of knowledge†, to a nonfoundational ground where â€Å"we understand knowledge to be a social construct and learning a social process† (Brufee, Collaborative learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge, 1993). Rockwood states: â€Å"In the ideal collaborative environment, the authority for testing and determining the appropriateness of the group product rests with, first, the small group, second, the plenary group (the whole class) and finally (but always understood to be subject to challenge and revision) the requisite knowledge community (i. e. the discipline: geography, history, biology etc. ) The concept of non- foundational knowledge challenges not only the product acquired, but also the process employed in the acquisition of foundational knowledge. â€Å"Most importantly, in cooperative, the authority remains with the instructor, who retains ownership of the task, which involves either a closed or a closable (that is to say foundational) problem ( the instructor knows or can predict the answer). In collaborative, the instructor–once the task is set– transfers all authority to the group. In the ideal, the group’s task is always open ended. † â€Å"Seen fr om this perspective, cooperative does not empower students. It employs them to serve the instructor’s ends and produces a â€Å"right† or acceptable answer. Collaborative does truly empower and braves all the risks of empowerment (for example, having the group or class agree to an embarrassingly simplistic or unconvincing position or produce a solution in conflict with the instructor’s). † â€Å"Every person, Brufee holds, belongs to several â€Å"interpretative or knowledge communities† that share vocabularies, points of view, histories, values, conventions and interests. The job of the instructor id to help students learn to negotiate the boundaries between the communities they already belong to and the community represented by the teacher’s academic discipline, which the students want to join. Every knowledge community has a core of foundational knowledge that its members consider as given (but not necessarily absolute). To function independently within a knowledge community, the fledgling scholar must master enough material to become conversant with the community. † Rockwood concludes: In my teaching experience, cooperative represents the best means to approach mastery of foundational knowledge. Once students become reasonably conversant, they are ready for collaborative, ready to discuss and assess,†¦. † Myers suggests use of the â€Å"transaction† orientation as a compromise between taking hard positions advocating either methodology. â€Å"This orientation views education as a dialogue between the student and the curriculum. Students are viewed as problem solvers. Problem solving and inquiry approaches stressing cognitive skills and the ideas of Vygotsky, Piaget, Kohlberg and Bruner are linked to transaction. This perspective views teaching as a â€Å"conversation† in which teachers and students learn together through a process of negotiation with the curriculum to develop a shared view of the world. † It is clear to me that in undertaking the exercize of defining differences between the two ideas we run the risk of polarizing the educational community into a we versus them mentality. There are so many benefits which acrue from both ideas that it would be a shame to lose any advantage gained from the student-student-teacher interactions created by both methods. We must be careful to avoid a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to education paradigms. As a final thought, I think it behooves teachers to educate themselves about the myriad of techniques and philosophies which create interactive environments where students take more responsibility for their own learning and that of their peers. Then it will become possible to pick and chose those methods which best fit a particular educational goal or community of learners. A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning. (2017, Mar 13).

Environmental Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Environmental Impact - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in making the judgments on the various broad impacts identified in the preceding section, it was considered that two major impacts – that on human beings and on the flora and fauna – were of equal importance: the first, because of their direct impact on humans at present, and the second, because of their protracted impact well into the future that will affect succeeding generations of humans and the ecology and biosphere of the broader environment. The significance criteria employed in the following discussions were adapted from the United Nations University EIA Significance Criteria. The subsequent explanation based on the criteria, the mitigation measures, and the residual impacts follow thereafter. a. Effects on human beings, buildings and man-made features Significance Criteria 1) Disturbance to human settlements 2) Adverse effects on safety 3) Adverse effects on human health 4) Loss of areas or environmental components that have cultural , recreational or aesthetic value; 5) Disturbance to economic activities 6) Increase in ambient and peak noise levels. Disturbance to human settlements Traffic is expected to increase significantly in five major areas, but there currently is a good amenity for the Gipsy Lane (180% increase in traffic) while Thurmaston Lane (105% increase) passes through the industrial environment. Sandhills Avenue, where traffic is expected to increase most (695% increase) has good amenity with adjoining free space which may later be factored in to accommodate the increase in traffic. For these three areas, and therefore the negative impact is not expected to be substantial.

Macro Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro Economics - Research Paper Example Macroeconomists create models that clarify the connection between factors such as national income, consumption, output, unemployment, savings, inflation, investment, international finance, and international trade. In contrast, microeconomics mainly focuses on the proceedings of individual agents, like firms, and consumers, plus how their actions determine quantities and prices in specific markets. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is a wide field of research. There are two areas of study that are exemplary of the discipline. They are the effort to comprehend the causes and penalties of short-run fluctuations in national income, as well as the attempt to comprehend the determinants of long-run economic growth. Long term economic growth refers to the increase in national income. Macroeconomic patterns plus their forecasts are applied by both large corporations and governments to help out in the development and assessment of business strategy and economic policy (McConnell, 2011). This paper will discuss the basic concepts of macroeconomics. Macroeconomics takes in a variety of variables and ideas, but there are only three essential topics regarding macroeconomic study. Macroeconomic theories normally relate the phenomena of output, inflation and unemployment. Outside of macroeconomic theory, these areas are also extremely vital to all economic agents including consumers, workers as well as producers (McConnell, 2011). ... t can be considered as total income, or, it can be seen from the production angle and considered as the sum of all value added to the economy or the total value of final goods and services. Macroeconomic output is normally calculated through national accounts but mostly Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is applied in calculating macroeconomics (Hubbard, 2009). Progress in technology, addition of machinery and other assets, and improved education and human capital all bring about increased economic output ultimately. However, output does not at all times increase constantly. Business cycles can bring about short-term drops in output referred to as recessions. Economists search for macroeconomic plans that prevent economies from falling into recessions and that leads the economy to a faster and long-standing growth. Unemployment The sum of unemployment in an economy is calculated by the unemployment rate, the fraction of workers lacking jobs in the labor force (Abel, 2010). The workforce on ly consists of workers actively searching for employment. Individuals who are retired, still undertaking education, or discouraged from looking for employment by a lack of job prospects are not included in the workforce. Joblessness can be separated into a number of types that are correlated to diverse causes. Classical unemployment takes place when salaries are too high for companies to be ready to employ more staff. Income may be too high due to union activity or minimum wage laws. In harmony with classical unemployment, frictional unemployment takes place when suitable job vacancies exist for an employee, but the span of time needed to look for and get the job leads to an episode of joblessness. Structural unemployment, on the other hand, covers a number of possible reasons for

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe Essay

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe - Essay Example In 1991, a five thousand year old frozen body of a man was discovered on a mountain between Austria and Italy. This body displayed in all 58 tattoos though these were only simple dots and little lines. The oldest known picture tattoos were found when archeologists, just after the Second World War, excavated a long row of graves of frozen and perfectly preserved bodies in the Altai Mountains of Southern Siberia. These were the bodies of the Scythians who were a nomadic group renowned for their creativity. In comparison, the Chieftain's tattoos represented different totem and game animals. The Vikings, who travelled up the Russian rivers and met the Scythians in Scandinavia, were influenced by the Scythians in the way they worked their crafts and tattoos. The body art among the Scythians and the Vikings reflected the designs found in their wood carvings, embroidery, weaving, leather and metal work. The significance of tattoos on a body has undergone several changes over the centuries. The practice of tattooing has meant different things in different cultures. Decoration appears to have been the most common motive for tattooing during the entire period. It was stated by Professor Konrad Spindler of Innsbruck University that the tattoo marks on the body of the Bronze Age man found in 1991 suggested that they were probably applied for therapeutic reasons. In some cultures, tattoos also served as identification of the wearer's rank or status in a group. For example, the early Romans tattooed slaves and criminals. Tahitian tattoos served as rites of passage, telling the history of the wearer's life. Boys reaching manhood received one tattoo to mark the occasion, while men had another style done when they married. Among a tribe named Roro tribes, when a girl was considered to be of marriageable age, the buttocks, the legs and the face were tattooed (Hambly, 31). Instances of body ma rking deemed to be of religious import were those connected with ideas of survival after death, prayer, sacrifice and communion (Hambly, 26). Later on, Sailors travelling to exotic foreign lands began to collect tattoos as souvenirs of their journeys resulting in establishment of tattoo parlors in port cities around the globe. In the 1900s, cosmetic tattooing became popular in the United States using it as blush for cheeks, color for the lips and eyeliners. With the World War, the flash art images changed to those of bravery and wartime icons. (https://www.msu.edu/krcmari1/individual/world.html) It is not only the motive behind tattooing that has changed over the years, but also has the designs and methods of performing this art. In North and South America, many Indian tribes routinely tattooed the body or the face by simple pricking, and some tribes in California introduced color into scratches. In order to be considered courageous and feared by their enemies, they would use sharpened awls or thorns or the bone of a bird or a fish to engrave or decorate their bodies. While the punctures which form the designs were fresh and bleeding, they would rub in charcoal or some other black color which mixed with the blood and penetrated the

ESSEX COUNTY COURTHOUSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ESSEX COUNTY COURTHOUSE - Essay Example It is considered as the largest and busiest trial court in New Jersey serving a population of 798,301 citizens of Essex County living in the vicinity in an area of 127.44 square miles (Bentley 45-7). The Essex Courthouse underwent a total rehabilitation worth $49 million and this step saw its recognition for the award of Donald T. Dust Recognition in 2005. This was the highest honor from the Newark Preservation and Landmarks Committee. The Donald T. Dust Recognition Award was named after the founder of the committee, the late Donald T. Dust. The award is given for â€Å"outstanding efforts towards the preservation of the historic landmarks in the City of Newark.† The Historic courthouse was praised for having excelled in its restoration on an ambitious project carried out by any government level. Apart from the aforementioned award, the court house also received three other awards; the North Jersey Chapter of the Victorian Society’s local preservation award, New Jersey Historical Sites Council preservation award and the national preservation award which was received from the Victorian Society in America. A work of art by itself, the courthouse boasts of a variety of treasures of art, beautiful sculptures and paintings works done by some of most renowned American artists of the twentieth century. They beautifully capture the meaning and insight of American Law and this promotes the worthiness of the place making it a place to visit for any tourist (Dow, George, and Mary 101). The Essex County Courthouse is made up of colonial history architectural structures. It has helped the entire county to be designated as the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service. Areas surrounding the County Courthouse have been preserved due to their significance nationally, acting as tourist attraction sites and by extension earning the county with lots of revenues

Economic Downturn and Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Downturn and Crime - Essay Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that the Economic downturn is a period characterized by declines in the economic activities in an economy, an economic downturn may last from months to years and is normally visible within employment, real income, production, and other indicators. As per the past research conducted by Finklea, for example in the United States, the economic downturn does fuel crimes. Figures show an increase in the crime level that resulted from opposition parties, members of different parties fighting each other. In England and Wales, the figures of crime have changed as a result of the economic downturn; records show that the domestic burglaries raised by four percent, forgery and fraud rose by 16% while the burglaries within the businesses rose by 3%. The annual crime statistics for 2014 also show that the crime rate increased in terms of â€Å"fatal stabbings†, the records show an increase of 16% in the number of knife robberies. As per the journal by Finklea the assumptions made by the security officials in 2014 also show that the number of property crimes increased which in most cases accounts for 70% of all the recorded crimes. The estimates are that with the increase in the economic crisis then the crime rate will keep increasing. The public even with the increasing crime rates is still very hopeful in that the crime rates will reduce.